diff --git a/database/migrations/2026_07_29_100000_move_rbac_to_operator_guard.php b/database/migrations/2026_07_29_100000_move_rbac_to_operator_guard.php
index f6f3c8c..460a655 100644
--- a/database/migrations/2026_07_29_100000_move_rbac_to_operator_guard.php
+++ b/database/migrations/2026_07_29_100000_move_rbac_to_operator_guard.php
@@ -123,30 +123,46 @@ return new class extends Migration
     }
 
     /**
-     * Every `users` row that currently holds a console role and has not yet
-     * been carried across to `operators`.
+     * Every `users` row that currently holds a console role, a directly
+     * granted console permission, or both — and has not yet been carried
+     * across to `operators`.
      *
-     * Ordered by model_id: carryAcross() below remaps the four OWNED_COLUMNS
-     * in place, keyed on the OLD users.id, while operators.id — auto-
-     * increment — hands out its values in exactly the order this list is
+     * Spatie allows a permission to be granted straight to a model with no
+     * role in between. Reading only model_has_roles missed exactly that
+     * case: an account like that kept working right up until this migration
+     * flips the permission's own guard to `operator` a few lines above, at
+     * which point it silently lost console access while staying behind as a
+     * portal user — nothing downstream ever noticed, because carryAcross()
+     * was never asked to look at it.
+     *
+     * Both queries keep `orderBy('model_id')`, and the merged, deduplicated
+     * result is sorted again in PHP — the ordering matters regardless of
+     * which table a given id came from: carryAcross() below remaps the four
+     * OWNED_COLUMNS in place, keyed on the OLD users.id, while operators.id —
+     * auto-increment — hands out its values in exactly the order this list is
      * walked. Unordered, a later operator's freshly assigned operators.id
      * can equal an earlier operator's still-unprocessed users.id, and the
      * second remap's `WHERE user_id = X` then catches a row the first remap
      * already rewrote to that same X. Collision-free today only because
-     * MariaDB happens to satisfy this query from an index that already
-     * returns rows in ascending model_id order; forcing it to answer from
-     * PRIMARY (role_id, model_id, model_type) instead returns them out of
-     * order, and the collision hands one operator another operator's VPN
-     * peer — silently, since both updates report success.
+     * MariaDB happens to satisfy the model_has_roles query from an index
+     * that already returns rows in ascending model_id order; forcing it to
+     * answer from PRIMARY (role_id, model_id, model_type) instead returns
+     * them out of order, and the collision hands one operator another
+     * operator's VPN peer — silently, since both updates report success.
      */
     private function operatorUserIds(): array
     {
-        return DB::table('model_has_roles')
+        $viaRoles = DB::table('model_has_roles')
             ->where('model_type', User::class)
             ->orderBy('model_id')
-            ->pluck('model_id')
-            ->unique()
-            ->all();
+            ->pluck('model_id');
+
+        $viaPermissions = DB::table('model_has_permissions')
+            ->where('model_type', User::class)
+            ->orderBy('model_id')
+            ->pluck('model_id');
+
+        return $viaRoles->merge($viaPermissions)->unique()->sort()->values()->all();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/Feature/Admin/RbacMoveTest.php b/tests/Feature/Admin/RbacMoveTest.php
index 96ca58c..3a50311 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/Admin/RbacMoveTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/Admin/RbacMoveTest.php
@@ -56,6 +56,39 @@ it('carries an existing operator user across with password and two-factor intact
         ->and(DB::table('users')->where('email', 'alt@clupilot.test')->exists())->toBeFalse();
 });
 
+it('carries across an operator who holds a permission directly and no role at all', function () {
+    // operatorUserIds() used to look only at model_has_roles. A pre-existing
+    // console user granted console.view straight through model_has_permissions
+    // — never through any role — was invisible to that worklist. Meanwhile the
+    // permission's own guard is switched to `operator` a few lines above the
+    // worklist loop, so an account like this would silently lose console
+    // access while staying behind as a portal user, forever.
+    $hash = bcrypt('direkt-passwort');
+    $userId = DB::table('users')->insertGetId([
+        'name' => 'Direkt', 'email' => 'direkt@clupilot.test', 'password' => $hash,
+        'is_admin' => true, 'created_at' => now(), 'updated_at' => now(),
+    ]);
+    $permissionId = DB::table('permissions')->where('name', 'console.view')->value('id');
+    DB::table('model_has_permissions')->insert([
+        'permission_id' => $permissionId, 'model_type' => User::class, 'model_id' => $userId,
+    ]);
+    // Deliberately no model_has_roles row for this user.
+
+    (require base_path('database/migrations/2026_07_29_100000_move_rbac_to_operator_guard.php'))->up();
+
+    $operator = Operator::where('email', 'direkt@clupilot.test')->first();
+
+    expect($operator)->not->toBeNull()
+        ->and($operator->roles()->count())->toBe(0)
+        ->and($operator->can('console.view'))->toBeTrue()
+        ->and(DB::table('model_has_permissions')
+            ->where('model_type', Operator::class)->where('model_id', $operator->id)
+            ->where('permission_id', $permissionId)->exists())->toBeTrue()
+        // Carried, and gone from `users` like any other operator — not left
+        // behind as a still-working portal login.
+        ->and(DB::table('users')->where('email', 'direkt@clupilot.test')->exists())->toBeFalse();
+});
+
 it('refuses to delete a users row that has a customer on it', function () {
     // `users` has no `customer_id` column (checked against the real schema) —
     // the link runs the other way, `customers.user_id`, exactly what